Spectrophotometric assessment of different surface coating materials on conventional glass ionomer cement

The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyse the absorbance of dye material in conventional glass ionomer cement [GIC] by applying various commercially available surface protecting layers on GIC. 90 disc-shaped specimens were made using brass mold measuring 7mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness. 30 specimens were selected for each week testing having 6 groups [n=5]. The groups were: G1 [Control group], G2 [Nail polish coated GIC], G3 [Master bond coated GIC], G4 [Copal varnish coated GIC], G5 [Varnal coated GIC], G6 [Cold mold seal coated GIC]. The specimens of each group were immersed in a separate test tube filled with methylene blue dye, and placed in an incubator [37[degree]C +/- 2[degree]C] for 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks' time. After required time period, the specimens were rinsed under distal water for 1 minute and air dried for 1 hour. Next, the specimens of each group were put into new test tubes containing 1ml absolute alcohol and again stored at [37[degree]C +/- 2[degree]C] for 24 hours. Absorbance were recorded in ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Results were analysed by Student t-test and Pearson's correlation. The results suggest that varnal and copal varnish are effective protecting materials with significant difference [P<0.01] after 3 weeks time. Our results conclude that the application of suitable protecting material may lead to longevity of GIC restorative biomaterial in a complexed oral environment

To determine the outcome and progression of patients presenting with acute severe asthma at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

Objectives: The aim of our study is to determine the outcome and progression of patients presenting with acute severe asthma [status asthmaticus] at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Setting: The type of study is a cross sectional study. Period: Two years from January 2013 to December 2015. Place of study: Tertiary care hospital in Karachi Pakistan

Methods: Consisted of 40 patients who were all admitted to the hospital with acute severe asthma. All the patients underwent strict clinical evaluation to assess the various aspects of the illness including the severity and complications. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23

Results: Of the total n= 40 patients included in our study, 8 [20%] were males and 32 [80%] were females having a mean age of 52.5 +/- 20.4 years, Hypertension was the most common underlying co morbidity observed in 10 [25%] patients. The mean blood pH was found to be 7.33 +/- 0.12 at the time of presentation with a range of 6.96 to 7.57 respectively, respiratory acidosis was found in 17 [42.5%] of the patients. A total of 29 [72.5%] patients required ventilator support out of which 14 [35%] required invasive ventilator support and 15 [37.5%] required a noninvasive ventilator support. Acidaemia was found to have a significant association with the requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation [p value of less than 0.033] also the mean duration of hospital stay was also higher in patients who required ventilator support

Conclusion: According to the results of our study, acidemia is the most severe complication of acute severe asthma, and has a significant association with increased rate of need for artificial ventilation, complication and mortality respectively

Influence of mouth rinses on the surface hardness of dental resin nano-composite

Objective: The aim of this research was to assess the effect of mouth rinses with and without alcohol on the hardness of dental nano-filled composite

Methods: The micro-hardness of fifty circular disk shaped specimens of 7 mm x 2 mm were measured after 14 days. Specimens were immersed into alcohol containing [Listerine and Colgate Perioguard] and alcohol-free [Prodent and Sensodyne Oral antiseptic] mouth rinse solutions. Artificial saliva served as the control. Vickers Micro-hardness was measured with a 30gram load for 30 seconds dwell time by using a diamond indenter. Significant differences were represented by p<0.05, whereas highly significant difference represented by p<0.01. The level of significance [p] was calculated with the help of repeated measure ANOVA. For multiple comparisons, Tukey's multiple comparison test was used

Results: Statistical analysis revealed highly significant difference between specimens immersed in artificial saliva [control] and Listerine [p<0.01]. Whereas significant difference were observed between control and Colgate Periogard [p<0.05]. However, no significant difference was observed on comparing Prodent and Sensodyne Oral antiseptic mouth rinses with control group[p>0.05]. Control specimens depicted highest value of micro-hardness[60.5746 +/- 3.2703] compared to the lowest value seen in specimens immersed in Listerine solvent[54.4687 +/- 1.0937]

Conclusion: Alcohol containing mouth rinsing solutions have more deleterious effect on hardness of nano composites as compared to alcohol-free mouth rinses

Evaluation of predictors for severity of dengue fever at the beginning of the disease

To evaluate the predictors of severity of dengue at the beginning of the disease. Prospective and Observational study. This study was conducted at Shan General Hospital and Trauma and General Hospital from July 2010 to 1[st] October 2011. The study was conducted on all patients who were admitted and confirmed to have dengue fever after positive serology on day VI. There was pre-assigned protocol and every predictive marker was given one point. Patients who had > 4 points at the time of presentation had more severe illness and developed more severe complications rather than those who had

Loneliness and disease prevalence; a gerontological prespective of elder's disease status

Older age is defined as "the phase of life when someone is socially, economically and culturally dependent on others to pass their life". Loneliness is an important concerns' of researchers especially to study its damaging effects on older persons. Pakistan with 6th largest population of the world facing ageing issues as other nations of rest of the world. Objectives:To explore the existence of loneliness and its effects on elder's health as observed by their disease status. Design: Cross sectional study. Period: Sep 2013 to Dec 2013. Setting: TMA Rawal Town, TMA Potohar Town, Rawalpindi City. Methodology: Research was conducted in urban areas of Rawalpindi city and to collect the data a structured data collection tool was developed and modified with the help of pre-test observation under similar urban environment. After data collection tool responses were converted into code planandthen data was entered in EpiDataandanalyzed in SPSS. Results: These show the participation of males about 70% and females 30%. Among 384 respondents, 88.3% reported feelings of loneliness and only 1.7% not agreed with the question statement. Cross comparison of loneliness and disease ccurrence shows that those OPs who feel loneliness predominantly reported the diseases like Hypertension, Heart problems, Diabetes, Arthritis, AsthmaandTB etc. These findings depicts that loneliness played a key role in the promotion of bad health status among OPs of sample area. Conclusions: Legislative bodies should consider this issue and do practiced efforts to increase OPs participation within a family and their immediate social networks, it will help to reduce bad effects of loneliness and sustain active ageing.

Older persons; medical care, social protection and united nations principles: an anthropo-gerontological approach on geriatric health

The Older Persons [OPs] are the knowledge and experience banks who hand over their life experiences to run society to the youth to further take up the society for the continuity of life and its progressive upward mobility. The aim of study was to explore the interrelationship of older persons' health care and social protection in the light of United Nations Principles for Older Persons in Rawalpindi city. Cross Sectional Study. Structured questionnaire was developed to collect information on Older Persons' health, economic and psychological status. In this regard, an extensive questionnaire was designed and pre-tested vigorously. The data collection was done in various union councils of Rawalpindi city. The study duration was three months and lasted from September 2013 to December 2013. Family is concerned about the welfare of OPs but the financial liabilities. In 82.8% cases children were found to be caring whereas in 17.2% cases kids were totally forgetful. 46% OPs were primarily nursed by their spouses and 34% by sons or daughters. 44.3% OPs still managed their financial affairs. In 66% case no secondary financial facility was provided by the government. 28.9% cases were those where OPs requested help from other sources. The Islamic Jurisprudence, Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan and UN Principles demand the governments and states to intervene in the situation and make sure that the OPs are enjoying equal access to independence, [social] participation, care, self-fulfillment and dignity

Perceived ageing and elders health; an anthropological study of older persons of Rawalpindi

Culture and society always an important factor that contributed to build the stereo types rather positive and negative that affect our everyday life. As with other social issues ageing is also effected the cultural and societal stereo types. Concept of old age was not the only creation of old age rather it was started when they were young and strong concepts were developed and concreted with the passage of time as he get older and older. [1] To explore what Older Persons [OPs] perceived about old age. [2] To find the cross relationship between their concept of old age and their disease status. Statistically calculated sample of 384 OPs were randomly interviewed by taking their verbal consent after introducing them about objective of study. Structured questionnaire was developed for data collection purposes. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS. among 384 respondents 31.3% perceived old age as illness and disease, 15.9% consider it stress and depression, 25.5% were of the view that old age is phase of social isolation and ignorance, increased dependency was also recorded 9.1% and less social participation as 11.7%. Hypertension was reported by 8.1% of the study respondents, Heart problem in 12.8% cases and Diabetes in 15.1% cases. Awareness of religious education along with role of social institution plays the leading role to reduce the intensity of negative stereo types and helps elders to develop positive concepts about their last age will be supplementary measure for active, and healthy and prosperous old age

Pakistan and urban ageing scenario; an anthropo-economic narrative on older persons' health

Ageing is exactly the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age. The state of Pakistan is caught in the complicated web of various socio-economic and political problems. In such scenario, efforts to voice the rights of elderly seem a bit surprising and out-of-priority box. The paper attempts to serve as an eye-opener for the policy makers both in public and private sectors to interrelate the factors deemed imperative for taking concrete steps to redress the menace arising out of ignoring ageing and dropping it from the national development agenda. Structured interview schedule was developed to collect information on Older Persons' health, economic and psychological status. In this regard, an extensive questionnaire was designed and pre-tested vigorously. This paper is extracted out of the base-line exploratory study. Rawalpindi city. Oct 2013 to Dec 2013. 69.3% OPs reported various diseases, 19.7% respondents never visited the doctor. 25.1% respondents' last visit to the doctor was between six months to more than a year. 15.3% visited the doctor for a medical treatment. Older persons with no permanent income made them more vulnerable to suffer various illnesses. Pakistan is not an aged-friendly country that even lacks a policy at national level for the welfare rights of older persons

Effect of different pH solvents on micro-hardness and surface topography of dental nano-composite: an in vitro analysis

Erosion of tooth surface is attributed to recent shift in diet pattern and frequent use of beverages. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of different beverages on surface topography and hardness of nano-filled composite material. Sixty flat disc shaped resin composite samples were fabricated and placed in distilled water for 24 hours. After 24 hours test samples were dried and divided into 4 groups. Group A [n=15] specimens were placed in tight amber bottle comprising 25 ml of artificial saliva. Similarly Group B, C and D were stored in equal amounts of orange juice, milk and coca cola drink respectively. Samples were checked for hardness and surface changes were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy. There were strong significant difference observed in samples immersed in orange juice and artificial saliva. A strong significant difference was seen between Group D and Group A. Group A and Group C showed no significant difference. The micro-hardness test showed reduced values among all samples. Beverages consumed daily have a negative influence on hardness and surface degradation of nano-filled dental composite. Comparatively, nano-filled composites possess higher surface area to volume ratio of their fillers particle size may lead to higher surface roughness than other resin based dental biomaterials

Risk factors for post operative complications in patients of perforated duodenal ulcer

Background: Perforation of peptic ulcer is a life threatening emergency and associated with increased surgical morbidity

Objective: To determine the risk factors of post postoperative complications in patients of perforated duodenal ulcer

Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at Surgical Department of Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan and started on 12[th] February 2013 and completed in 6 months. Clinically, radiologically and surgically proven, 133 cases of the perforated peptic ulcer were included in the study through non probability consecutive sampling after taking informed consent. Possible predictors were recorded on admission as well as during surgery. Main outcome measures were postoperative complications which included respiratory tract infection, wound infection, and burst abdomen. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 14

Results: Age range of study subjects was 26-70 years. 80% of the patients were male and 20% female. 27.8% of the cases had clinical features of shock at presentation. Majority of the cases 65% presented within 48 hours. Smoking was noted in 51.9% of the cases. 74% had no associated medical illness. In 96% of the cases the size of perforation was less than 1 cm. Amount of peritoneal Spillage was greater than 1 liter in more than half patients [62%]. First part of the duodenum was the most common site of the perforation, which was present in 88% of the cases. Graham's omentopexy was done in 95% cases. 53 [40%] cases developed postoperative complications. 31 cases developed 1 complication each, 17 cases developed 2 complications each while 5 cases 3 complications each. The most common complication was respiratory tract infection which occurred in 26 patients [19.6%]. Most of the patients were discharged home between the 5 and 10 postoperative days. Those patients who presented in emergency after duration of 48 hours since onset of epigastric pain had very significant association with postoperative complication rate [p=0.0001]. Other factor which showed significant association was shock at presentation [p-value= 0.004]

Conclusion: Late presentation and presence of shock significantly influence the rate of development of post operative complications in patients of perforated duodenal ulcer. However, smoking and presence of medical illness failed to show significant association with postoperative complications

Epidemiology of hand injury in children

Objective: To study the types and presentation of hand injuries in children

Method and Materials: A prospective study was done at the emergency department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre from 24th October, 2014 to 30th December, 2014 [a duration of six weeks]. The data was collected on 50 out-patient children but we also followed the in-patient to find the outcome of their injuries. A self-designed questionnaire was administered and was filled by the parents of the participants. The questionnaire was explained in a one to one meeting by our volunteers. The volunteers were encouraging and friendly

Results: The most common reason of hand injury in our settings was due to road traffic accidents [34%]; followed by the second reason, a fall of an object on the hand. In most of the cases, 68% of the participants involved the right hand whereas in 32% of the participants, the left hand was involved. The most common bone to be fractured in children was the scaphoid with the 1st metacarpal bone

Conclusion: The goal of the study was to find out the various modes of presentation and types of the hand injuries in the accident and emergency department and to emphasize the regions commonly injured during a hand trauma. Better understanding of the type and manner of hand injuries will lead the physicians to emphasize on the areas more commonly injured and take suitable measures for their treatment accordingly. The rising number of hand injuries and knowledge about their pattern encourages the authorities to take suitable action and measures for its prevention and treatment which has been an area of neglect

The Prevalence Of: Neglected Musculoskeletal Injuries, In Bareilly Region.

Background: Musculoskeletal injuries needing urgent care are often amongst the commonest conditions at the first referral health facilities. They are initially being treated by non-specialist doctors, nurses and paramedics. By the time the patients reach a specialized tertiary care centre they have malunited or ununited limb bone fractures or established infected non unions or non-unions with broken implant or mal positioned implants. Objective: to find the prevalence of neglected musculoskeletal injuries in the region. Methods: A retrospective study was done at one of the tertiary care hospital in Bareilly Uttar Pradesh. The records of all the patients above 18 years who had musculoskeletal injury of more than one month duration and the patients below 18 years who had musculoskeletal injury more than three weeks duration during the period of year 2013were retrieved. The necessary information was collected on semi structured schedule. Data Analysis was done with help of SPSS version 10.0 Statistical Software. Results: Total number of neglected musculoskeletal injuries received was 197 out of which males were 79 % and females 21 %.There were 62% patients from rural background and remaining 38% from urban. On evaluation of monthly data it was found that the maximum numbers of neglected musculoskeletal injury cases, 29 were admitted in the month of July, and minimum 2 in the month of September. Age wise maximum number of cases was in the age group of below eighteen 51 cases, followed by age group between forty and forty nine, 39 cases and the least in age group above seventy, 6 cases .In the extremities lower limb was more involved as the score reached 109 cases, while upper limb had 68 and spine 20.Conclusion: There is an urgent need to address the issue of neglected musculoskeletal injuries for which a manifold approach is needed at all levels.

Non-malignant lesions; clinico-pathological profile of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

The presence of a mass in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses may seem to be simple problem, but it is very difficult to differentiate clinically from potentially malignant tumors. To evaluate the clinical presentation and histopathological features of the non malignant lesions of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Prospective descriptive study. Study was carried out in departments of Paediatrics and ENT at Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital Sukkur from Jan 2009 to Dec 2012. The study included all cases of nonmalignant masses of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, those attended the Paediatric and ENT department and underwent the surgical intervention. One hundred twenty non-malignant cases were enrolled for this study. A separate pro-forma was filled to record the cases biodata, history, clinical examination, investigations and histopathological diagnosis. All histopathologically proven malignant masses were excluded from the study. Out of 120 cases 78 [65%] were males and 42 [35%] were females, with M:F ratio of 1.8:1. The age of presentation ranged from 8 years to 70 years and mean age was 26.3years. Sinonasal masses were found to be bilateral in 20 cases [16.67%], right sided in 65 [54.17%] and left sided in 35 [29.16%] cases. The main presenting symptoms were nasal blockage 110 [91.66%], nasal discharge 102 [85%], sneezing 60 [50%], hypoinsomnia 36 [30%], epistaxis 24 [20%], headache 20 [18.33%] and mouth breathing 18 [15%] cases. Polyp was the most common lesion in 86 [71.66%] cases observed in this study. The common histopathological diagnosis was simple inflammatory nasal polyp in 48 [40%], allergic nasal polyps 30 [25%] and fibroepithelial polyp in 8 [6.7%], inverted papilloma in 12 [10%], angiofibroma 6 [5%], capillary hemangioma 4 [3.34%] and rhinosporidiosis 4 [3.34%] cases. Sinonasal masses have various differential diagnoses and are still thought to be simple problem in our society. There is a need for early recognition and referral to ENT surgeon and need histopathological examination of every mass to confirm the diagnosis

Health, marital status and mode of living: an anthropological study of ageing community in Rawalpindi city

Culture is a learned behavior. It is a community's knowledge and set of practices that evolves out of continuous interactions with the outer environment feedback either positive or negative. In a strict sense culture is a man-made nature opposite to physical nature to survive. The objective of the study was to investigate the interrelationship of older persons' [OPs] marital status and mode of living with their medical history. Cross Sectional Study. The study was conducted on behalf of Help Age Pakistan. The data collection was done in various union councils of Rawalpindi city. The study duration was three months and lasted from Sep-2013 to Dec-2013. Structured questionnaire was developed to collect information on Older Persons' health, economic and psychological status. In this regard, an extensive questionnaire was designed and pre-tested vigorously. Questionnaires were filled by the graduates of PMAS-Arid Agriculture University. The respondents who were single were mostly heart patients [n=14, 21.4%]. The married respondents reported other diseases that included mental health, skin problems, paralysis, eye and hearing impairments and TB etc [n=704, 20.7%]. Widows and widowers were in the third category with the same problems reported in second category [n=274, 20.1%]. Results in the category of hypertension explain that elder peoples living in their own houses reported 9.1% hypertension, OPs living in rented houses suffering from hypertension were 10.3%, in case of hired residence percentage recorded was 0.0% and in the other category of living like living with relatives, friends or any other, 14.3% OPs were fighting with hypertension in their lives. The data reveal that OPs living single are likely to catch heart problems, the married OPs were suffering from mental illnesses, dermatological problems, paralysis as well as hearing and visual impairments. The results show that OPs living in their own houses were better off than the ones living in other mode of living. Rented houses reported high percentiles of hypertensions, heart problems, and diabetes

Older persons, familial care and psychological stresses: an anthropo-gerontological approach on health

The aim of study was to explore the interrelationship of older persons' health with various psychological stresses in Rawalpindi city. Cross Sectional. The study was commissioned to the research team on behalf of Help Age Pakistan [an INGO based in Islamabad]. The data collection was done in various union councils of Rawalpindi city. The study duration was three months and lasted from September 2013 to December 2013. Structured questionnaire was developed to collect information on Older Persons' health, economic and psychological status. In this regard, an extensive questionnaire was designed and pre-tested vigorously. Questionnaires were administered with the help of a research team that comprised the graduates of department of Anthropology of PMAS-Arid Agriculture University along with professionals of Regional Development Network [RDN] as well as field staff of Pakistan National Center on Ageing [PNCA]. 414 [41.4%] respondents said that they felt lonely because they feel age gaps due to which they thought nobody at home could understand what they feel. As regards the frequency of visits by the kids or family members, the responses were Never [36.7%], Monthly [29.6%], Weekly [18.9%]. To kill their time 16.2% UPs spent their time in mosque, shops, or parks, 14.1% spent time while staying at home. The large majority of the OPs felt lonely because of the ignorance on behalf of the kids, families and indifferent attitude of society. There is a strong relationship between the mental stresses, economic instability of families and gradual loosening up of familial bond. The psychological stresses later on are increasing health problems and complications for OPs

Prevalence of ghutti and breastfeeding: an ethnographic study of lactating women of Khewayaali, Wazirabad

The objective of present study was to investigate level of interdependence between prevalence of Ghutti and education of newborn's mothers. Cross-sectional. This study was carried out at Village Khewayaali, Tehsil Wazirabad, District Gujranwala from Aug-2013 to Oct-2013. Data was collected while administrating a fully structured questionnaire. Tool was implemented with the help of women enumerator after improving the areas highlighted during the pre testing. A sample of 324 lactating women was randomly selected out of total population of lactating mothers. SPSS was used for data analysis. As 95% of lactating women respondent of this research confirmed that they had given their child Ghutti prior to the breastfeed. But on the other side, 80% of the total respondents also confirmed that they had fed their child in first 04 hours after birth and did not waste the highly nutritive Colostrum. Whereas, comparison of mothers' education with the use of Ghutti delineated that the practice is equally common among illiterate and educated mothers both. Illiterate mothers were 21% of the total respondents and use of Ghutti was equally present in rest 79% educated mothers as well thus the practice was found among 100% respondents. Current study explored that education has no influence over this deeply rooted a cultural practices and norms. As mothers despite being educated and much aware with the benefits of breastfeed performed this tradition under the persuasions of adult relatives especially mother in law

Income status and medical history of older persons in Rawalpindi: anthropology of ageing

The aim of study is to highlight the hidden ageing population and its problems. The specific purpose of the study was to explore the interrelationship of ageing with income as well as the medical history among the older persons of Rawalpindi city. Cross Sectional. This study was commissioned to the research team on behalf of Help Age Pakistan. The data collection was done in various union councils of Rawalpindi city. The study duration was three months of 2013. Structured questionnaire was developed to collect information on Older Persons' health, economic and psychological status. In this regard, an extensive questionnaire was designed and pre-tested vigorously. Number of researchers form PMAS-Arid Agriculture University was engaged to collect data. There is a strong relationship between the income statuses of OPs with their health physical conditions. The lack of permanent source of income leads to the high tendency of contracting various health problems among OPs. Similarly the inactive status of OPs also affects their health wellness which later on leads to create a multiplier effect regarding various health problems like heart problems, hypertensions, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, etc. There is a strong relation of income stability with the various psycho-somatic problems. The sense of being actively involved in familial functions especially economic chores provide a sense of independence and psychological sense of control over life results in better health among OPs

Frequency of thyroid cancer at King Fahad hospital, Madinah

To assess the frequency of common thyroid cancer at king Fahad Hospital, Madinah. Retrospective study. This study was carried out on all the patients treated for Cancer of Thyroid Gland, at King Fahad Hospital [KFH]-Madinah between Jan 2009 to February 2012. Ninety-one patients diagnosed with Cancer of Thyroid of various Age, Sex and Races were registered with King Fahad Hospital Madinah. 75% patients were Saudi nationals, 10% patients were from other Arab countries and the remaining 15% were non-Arabs. There were 72% females and 28% Males. The Ages ranged from 14 years to 94 years. 34% of these patients were less then 30 years of Age at the time of the diagnosis. Over 90% of the cases presented with Swelling Anterior Neck while in other 10% of the cases Dysphagia or Dyspnoea with Rt. or Lt. supraclavicular masss/swelling was the major complaint. 71% patients under went various surgical procedures for the Neck swelling. The Total Thyroidectomy was done in 48% patients. The Histology revealed 52% of pure Papillary Carcinoma and 23% were of Follicular origin. Majority of the diagnosed patients of Ca. Thyroid were referred to King Faisal Specialist Hospital Riyadh for Radioactive Iodine Ablation Therapy. The follow-up was poor as patients were from highly mobile population and belonged to Nine different countries. The study reveals that the presentation of Ca. Thyroid in our series is essentially similar to what has been reported from other parts of the world

TB entropy among urban inhabitants: a study of community perceived opinion about tuberculosis

Specific objective of the study was to determine the level of information and awareness regarding TB among the urban dwellers of Malikwal. Descriptive study. This study was conducted in UC-Tehsil Malikwal District Mandi Bahauddin. Duration of study lasts from Jan-2013 to March-2013. With the help of structured questionnaire the data of 70 respondents were collected. Quality of questionnaire was improved with the help of recommendations of pretesting activity. After taking verbal consent data was gathered by enumerators. Data was entered in EpiData software and analyzed in SPSS. Data shows the 58.6% participation of age group 20-30 years, 70:30% ratio of male and female representation, 42.9% respondents passed their college level of education, among 70 participants 39 reported cough lasts longer than three weeks as sign and symptom of TB, 61 [n=70] were those who said that through polluted air TB virus effects general population, 59 [n=70] reported that through covering mouth and nose during cough and sneezing is necessary to prevent TB, 66 [n=70] respondents said that anybody will be infected by TB, 77.1% were of the view that by using specific medication TB can be cured by getting the services from government clinic as reported 91.4%, 80% of sample said that TB treatment and diagnosis is free of cost in Pakistan as spread information by TV as reported 64.3%. Government departments along with line departments and private stack holders are required to ensure wider level of implementation of projects about the social awareness on TB containing quality of information while using various means of IC and T tools including media to cover the masses

TB stigma, attitude and practices among urban dwellers. A descriptive study on TB

Objective of the study was to explore the Stigma, attitude and practices with special reference to TB in Urban areas. Descriptive study. This study was conducted in UC-49. Tehsil Malikwal District Mandi Bahawaldin from Jan-2013 to March-2013. To gather the data on set objective a structured questionnaire was implemented. To collect the data a sample of 70 was interviewed after verbal consent. Tool was refined as per the highlighted suggestions of pre-testing under similar environment. Data was entered in EpiData software and analyzed in SPSS. Tables show the participation of both male and female as 70:30% respectively. In case of TB symptoms; Doctor or other medical worker was consulted for sharing by 91.4% respondents, 71.4% respondents would like to visit health facility [Government or Private], 14.3% visit the pharmacy for treatment, 30% were those who visit the health facility when they observed TB signs especially duration of cough, 65.7% urban residents visit the care center as soon they realize they had TB, 8.6% hate TB patients, 30% response friendly but avoid TB patients, 40% show sympathy toward TB patients, and 60% were said that the life of Tb patients were poor. In spite of health interventions aimed at awareness, treatment and rehabilitation of TB in Pakistan, the country still stands distinctively among the nations where TB is sky rising. The government and civil society need to move ahead from policy level to practical implementation of measures to prevent TB. At cultural perception level, there is a need to remove misconceptions about TB being the one that severely bars the social life mingling